Regenerative and protective actions of GHK-Cu in light of new genetic data

Source: Pickart L. et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 2018, PMC6073405


Purpose of the study

To analyze the regenerative and protective effects of GHK-Cu (glycyl-histidyl-lysine, copper-linked) by combining data from novel gene studies and classical biological observations. The aim is to determine how the peptide affects the expression of genes involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammatory processes, antioxidant defense, and aging.

GHK-Cu is a natural tripeptide present in human plasma and tissues, which is involved in regenerative processes and cellular defense. This review summarizes new data on its molecular mechanisms and potential in medicine and cosmetology.


Study design

  • Type: overview study with gene expression analysis (microarray data) and preclinical models

  • Scope: skin tissue, liver, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, lung and bone cells

  • Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of genes regulated by GHK-Cu

    • Review of published data on biological effects – wound healing, angiogenesis, neuroprotection

    • Identification of signaling pathways (NF-κB, TGF-β, antioxidant enzymes)


Main results

Gene regulation

  • GHK-Cu regulates the expression of over 4000 genes , restoring youthful expression patterns.

  • Activates genes related to DNA repair, antioxidant protection and cell regeneration .

  • Suppresses proinflammatory genes and signaling through NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α.

Regeneration and healing

  • GHK-Cu stimulates the synthesis of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans in dermal fibroblasts.

  • Accelerates the healing of skin wounds and ulcers, including in diabetic models.

  • Improves connective tissue remodeling and epithelialization.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects

  • Reduces inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6.

  • Stimulates antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase).

  • Protects cells from oxidative stress and DNA damage.

Neuroprotection and angiogenesis

  • Promotes angiogenesis by increasing VEGF and stimulating endothelial cells.

  • Stimulates neuroregeneration and neurite outgrowth in nerve injury models.

Behavioral and systemic effects

  • Demonstrates anxiolytic and analgesic effects in animal models.

  • Improves adaptation to stress and physical activity.

Safety

  • GHK-Cu has an excellent safety profile when applied topically and at low systemic doses.

  • Widely used in cosmetic formulas with no reported serious side effects.


Conclusions

  • GHK-Cu possesses broad-spectrum regenerative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties .

  • Regulates a large number of genes that restore cellular function and tissue structure.

  • It shows potential for applications in anti-aging therapies, wound care, neuroregeneration and cosmetology.


Restrictions

  • Data are primarily in vitro and preclinical ; limited clinical studies.

  • Optimal doses and routes of systemic administration have not been determined.


Practical importance

  • GHK-Cu is a promising peptide with proven effects on regeneration and cellular protection.

  • Suitable for research in the fields of tissue repair, aging and dermatology.

  • Clinical studies are needed to confirm long-term safety and effectiveness.